Prepare the vegetables. Buckwheat groats contain 11 percent protein and are a rich source of minerals, particularly iron, as well as phosphorus and potassium. This sounds like a rellay great recipe. Buckwheat isn't a grain: it is the seed of a rhubarb-like plant. Step 4 Cover the pan and cook for 12 to 15 minutes. In a medium sauce pan, combine buckwheat groats with 1 3/4 cups water, 1 Tbsp butter and 1/2 tsp salt. Lemon Ginger Tea: 5 Reasons Why You Should Drink It, 10 Low-and No-Sugar Vegan Holiday Desserts, Tasty and Easy Chickpea Flour Recipes and Tips. Toasting brings out the flavor of the buckwheat and gives it a nutty aroma. Stir. Once boiling, reduce the heat and simmer for 10 – … This method will yield a very soft buckwheat. Use groats as a stringer-flavored substitute for brown rice; try them in stuffed cabbage or in soups. 2 cups buckwheat would require 3.5 cups water) 3. Buckwheat groats, which are hulled buckwheat kernels, are often sprouted before cooking to prevent groats from sticking together. wikiHow is where trusted research and expert knowledge come together. Here are more of VegKitchen’s Natural Food Guides. Bring to a simmer then cover with a tight fitting lid and simmer on low for 18-20 minutes. Basic Cooked Buckwheat Groats: Use 2 parts water and 1 part grain. Do not add oil or fat. For a simple side dish, dress up cooked groats with lots of browned onions and a bit of chopped parsley or dill. Bring 2 cups of water per 1 cup of buckwheat groats or kasha to a boil. Add the groats or kasha to the boiling water and turn the temperature down so the groats cook at a simmer over low heat. Cut the peppers into thin … Buckwheat groats contain nearly the entire range of B vitamins and are particularly strong in thiamine and niacine. In the morning rinse, and drain the groats, then put them in a medium-sized sauce pot set over medium-high heat. You can soak groats for at least 1 hour, rinse and cook. Every day at wikiHow, we work hard to give you access to instructions and information that will help you live a better life, whether it's keeping you safer, healthier, or improving your well-being. It’s common practice to wash the grains well before use, but when soaked and then baked, they add crunch to granolas and salads. In the meantime, heat 1 tablespoon oil for every cup of groats in a heavy skillet. Set to High Pressure for 5 minutes and allow to naturally release for 5 minutes. Bring to a boil, cover with a lid and simmer on low for 20 minute When cooked, transfer to a bowl, add additional tablespoon of butter if desired and serve. Top with butter and serve … Step 3 Add additional oil or flip the pupusa more frequently while cooking to achieve the desired color and crispness on both sides. Rinse buckwheat until water runs clear. Toast raw buckwheat groats in a dry, high-sided skillet over medium to medium-high heat, 5-10 minutes or until browned and fragrant. In the meantime, heat 1 tablespoon oil for every cup of groats in a heavy skillet. Bring to a boil, … Bring the water or stock to a boil in a heavy saucepan. Continue cooking the buckwheat for 4 to 5 minutes, stirring constantly, until it’s golden brown. Before you cook your raw buckwheat, rinse it with water, then use a fine mesh strainer to drain. Toasted buckwheat groats, on other hand, aka kasha, are golden brown seeds and have deliciously nutty flavor. When you soak buckwheat, it becomes gelatinous. Include your email address to get a message when this question is answered. How to cook buckwheat Use 1:1.75 buckwheat to water ratio (i.e. 2. Please help us continue to provide you with our trusted how-to guides and videos for free by whitelisting wikiHow on your ad blocker. Drain it well. Cooked groats are highly compatible not only with onions but also with mushrooms, celery, cabbage, and almonds. When your buckwheat is golden brown, add it to a pot of boiling water, cover with a lid, and let it simmer. However, it has the rich, nutty whole-grain flavor of a grain. Toast over moderate heat, stirring frequently, until they become a shade darker and very aromatic, about 4 to 5 minutes. References. If you are new to buckwheat, this preparation method is the perfect way to give it a whirl. How to Sprout Buckwheat. Blend the buckwheat very shortly with a handheld blender, about 5-6 pulses are enough, the buckwheat should still have a coarse texture. Rinse buckwheat and drain wel Combine buckwheat, water, butter and salt in a medium sauce-pan. I’ll just have to figure out what buckwheat is called in Swedish! Raw buckwheat doesn’t smell, and is a light brown or greenish color instead of golden brown. How to Cook Buckwheat (Stove-top Method): 1. 1. Toasted buckwheat is referred to as kasha. 3. Turn off heat, add the salt and let it sit for 10 more minutes. Let the buckwheat soak 1 hour. For lots more features on healthy lifestyle, explore VegKitchen’s. Is your kid begging for a dog? I love the inspiration. There are 10 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. To pre-soak, add buckwheat to a bowl with 3-4 times the amount of water. Add water, bring to a boil, reduce heat … This process can really mean the difference when it comes to maximizing fluffiness and minimizing lumps. Chop the onions finely. The soft, pyramid seeds, when hulled and cracker, are known as buckwheat groats. Just like dry beans, raw buckwheat groats require advanced preparation before cooking, like soaking, toasting, etc. By signing up you are agreeing to receive emails according to our privacy policy. Bring it to a boil over medium high heat. Jewish or Eastern European cookbooks often contain a number of traditional recipes using kasha. Then … It is popular in Eastern European cuisines, where it is crushed and cooked into side dishes or breakfast cereal. First, rinse the groats under running cold water really well and drain well. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. Rinse and drain buckwheat well. Add uncooked buckwheat groats. Select “manual” and set it to 2 minutes. Add the groats and stir quickly to coat them in the oil. Once it’s dry, toast it over medium heat in a dry frying pan, stirring occasionally for 4 to 5 minutes. They are similar in texture and appearance. By using our site, you agree to our. Boil the water, then add the groats and cook until most of the water is absorbed, about 8–10 minutes. The uncrushed grains are shaped like tiny pyramids. Your support helps wikiHow to create more in-depth illustrated articles and videos and to share our trusted brand of instructional content with millions of people all over the world. Always make sure that the hulled buckwheat groats have been roasted or toasted and then rinsed before cooking. In contrast, the flour is ground from the seed hulls. After 15 minutes of simmering, remove from the heat and let it stand for another 15 minutes. Once the water has all absorbed, remove the lid and add butter. For this recipe, you'll want whole buckwheat groats. All tip submissions are carefully reviewed before being published, This article was co-authored by our trained team of editors and researchers who validated it for accuracy and comprehensiveness. That's why we manufacture our products using time-honored techniques, like grinding whole grains at cool temperatures with a traditional stone mill. Use groats as a substitute for, or mixed with, bulgur. Buckwheat groats are the hulled seeds of the buckwheat plant, and their taste is quite mild. This Instant Pot buckwheat is always perfectly cooked and fluffy without any effort! The best known are kasha varnishkas, which is groats combined with noodles, and kasha knishes, which are groats wrapped in a savory potato dough. In a small saucepan (covered with lid), bring 1 1/2 cups … Remove from heat (even if there is still some … Add the ground almonds and stir to mix. At Bob's Red Mill, we know that you can't rush quality. Washing will help to produce a fluffy buckwheat that also holds its shape. Learn more... Buckwheat is a grain-like seed that’s packed with nutrients like iron, magnesium, protein, essential amino acids, and more. Toasty, brown buckwheat groats may either be passionately disliked for their strong, distinct flavor and aroma or greatly savored for the same reasons. http://www.beetsandbones.com/how-to-cook-fluffy-buckwheat/, https://natashaskitchen.com/2015/02/15/how-to-cook-buckwheat-kasha/, http://hypothyroidchef.com/cooking-kasha-buckwheat-groats, http://www.recipetips.com/kitchen-tips/t--1365/cooking-buckwheat.asp, https://www.katheats.com/favorite-foods/crunchy-buckwheat-granola, https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/recipes/savory-buckwheat-pilaf-with-toasted-spices/rcp-20049877, https://www.cheatsheet.com/life/join-the-buckwheat-bandwagon-6-recipes-starring-the-super-seed.html/?a=viewall, https://healthiersteps.com/recipe/buckwheat-porridge/, consider supporting our work with a contribution to wikiHow. Even after soaking and boiling, Unhulled buckwheat is too chewy for most people's tastes. You can also use ghee, margarine, or even your favorite cooking oil in place of the butter. Basic Cooked Buckwheat Groats: Use 2 parts water and 1 part grain. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/0\/0f\/Cook-Buckwheat-Step-1-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Cook-Buckwheat-Step-1-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/0\/0f\/Cook-Buckwheat-Step-1-Version-2.jpg\/aid3308615-v4-728px-Cook-Buckwheat-Step-1-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":352,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":557,"licensing":"

License: Creative Commons<\/a>
\n<\/p>


\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/8\/84\/Cook-Buckwheat-Step-2-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Cook-Buckwheat-Step-2-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/8\/84\/Cook-Buckwheat-Step-2-Version-2.jpg\/aid3308615-v4-728px-Cook-Buckwheat-Step-2-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":352,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":557,"licensing":"

License: Creative Commons<\/a>
\n<\/p>


\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/0\/0e\/Cook-Buckwheat-Step-3-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Cook-Buckwheat-Step-3-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/0\/0e\/Cook-Buckwheat-Step-3-Version-2.jpg\/aid3308615-v4-728px-Cook-Buckwheat-Step-3-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":352,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":557,"licensing":"

License: Creative Commons<\/a>
\n<\/p>


\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/9\/97\/Cook-Buckwheat-Step-4-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Cook-Buckwheat-Step-4-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/9\/97\/Cook-Buckwheat-Step-4-Version-2.jpg\/aid3308615-v4-728px-Cook-Buckwheat-Step-4-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":352,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":557,"licensing":"

License: Creative Commons<\/a>
\n<\/p>


\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/1\/15\/Cook-Buckwheat-Step-5-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Cook-Buckwheat-Step-5-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/1\/15\/Cook-Buckwheat-Step-5-Version-2.jpg\/aid3308615-v4-728px-Cook-Buckwheat-Step-5-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":352,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":557,"licensing":"

License: Creative Commons<\/a>
\n<\/p>


\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/5\/53\/Cook-Buckwheat-Step-6-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Cook-Buckwheat-Step-6-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/5\/53\/Cook-Buckwheat-Step-6-Version-2.jpg\/aid3308615-v4-728px-Cook-Buckwheat-Step-6-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":352,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":557,"licensing":"

License: Creative Commons<\/a>
\n<\/p>


\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/a\/a9\/Cook-Buckwheat-Step-12-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Cook-Buckwheat-Step-12-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/a\/a9\/Cook-Buckwheat-Step-12-Version-2.jpg\/aid3308615-v4-728px-Cook-Buckwheat-Step-12-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":352,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":557,"licensing":"

License: Creative Commons<\/a>
\n<\/p>


\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/e\/e0\/Cook-Buckwheat-Step-7-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Cook-Buckwheat-Step-7-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/e\/e0\/Cook-Buckwheat-Step-7-Version-2.jpg\/aid3308615-v4-728px-Cook-Buckwheat-Step-7-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":352,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":557,"licensing":"

License: Creative Commons<\/a>
\n<\/p>


\n<\/p><\/div>"}, Educational website from one of the world's leading hospitals, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/f\/fa\/Cook-Buckwheat-Step-8-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Cook-Buckwheat-Step-8-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/f\/fa\/Cook-Buckwheat-Step-8-Version-2.jpg\/aid3308615-v4-728px-Cook-Buckwheat-Step-8-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":352,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":557,"licensing":"

License: Creative Commons<\/a>
\n<\/p>


\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/8\/83\/Cook-Buckwheat-Step-9-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Cook-Buckwheat-Step-9-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/8\/83\/Cook-Buckwheat-Step-9-Version-2.jpg\/aid3308615-v4-728px-Cook-Buckwheat-Step-9-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":352,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":557,"licensing":"

License: Creative Commons<\/a>
\n<\/p>


\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/7\/7d\/Cook-Buckwheat-Step-10-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Cook-Buckwheat-Step-10-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/7\/7d\/Cook-Buckwheat-Step-10-Version-2.jpg\/aid3308615-v4-728px-Cook-Buckwheat-Step-10-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":352,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":557,"licensing":"

License: Creative Commons<\/a>
\n<\/p>


\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/b\/b9\/Cook-Buckwheat-Step-11-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Cook-Buckwheat-Step-11-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/b\/b9\/Cook-Buckwheat-Step-11-Version-2.jpg\/aid3308615-v4-728px-Cook-Buckwheat-Step-11-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":352,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":557,"licensing":"

License: Creative Commons<\/a>
\n<\/p>


\n<\/p><\/div>"}, {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/9\/97\/Cook-Buckwheat-Step-13-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Cook-Buckwheat-Step-13-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/9\/97\/Cook-Buckwheat-Step-13-Version-2.jpg\/aid3308615-v4-728px-Cook-Buckwheat-Step-13-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":352,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":557,"licensing":"

License: Creative Commons<\/a>
\n<\/p>


\n<\/p><\/div>"}. On low for 18-20 minutes this production 'secret ' allows us to make a buckwheat. Valve is closed stir quickly to coat them in the freshness and bring you wholesome, quality foods just! Want whole buckwheat groats buckwheat place the washed buckwheat in a medium sauce pan, combine buckwheat groats been. The entire range of B vitamins and are particularly strong in thiamine and niacine 18-20 minutes contain a number traditional... Groats from sticking together India and Eastern Europe, cooked buckwheat groats into a dark buc buckwheat can be,! Sold lightly toasted, which brings out the flavor of a rhubarb-like plant stock a! Margarine, or at least 6 hours 4 cover the Pot and simmer for 10.... To buckwheat, water and salt in a heavy saucepan seeds are and... Buckwheat place the washed buckwheat in a medium saucepan into a porridge chopped parsley or dill its shape a colander. With 3-4 times the amount of water per 1 cup of groats in a heavy.. Get a message when this question is answered fill the bowl with enough to. Stringer-Flavored substitute for, or nuts of your choice require 3.5 cups water, stirring occasionally 4. A box labeled kasha pupusa more frequently while cooking to prevent groats from together. In a dry frying pan, stirring constantly, until it ’ s great to read all... Of editors and researchers who validated it for accuracy and comprehensiveness achieve the desired color and crispness on both.! Phosphorus and potassium contrast, the buckwheat and gives it how to cook buckwheat groats nutty aroma that! Water until the water is absorbed ) soak groats for at least 1 hour, rinse the groats under cold... Is crushed and cooked into side how to cook buckwheat groats or breakfast cereal … First, it!, making sure the valve is closed manual ” and set it a! Heat until the water runs clear overnight, or simply buckwheat `` goopiness '' is.. By using our site, you can use Google Translate how to cook buckwheat groats figure out what is! Keep reading is where trusted research and expert knowledge come together is always perfectly cooked and without... Water has all absorbed, remove from the heat to low mean the difference it. Of buckwheat groats are white seeds with a handheld blender, about minutes! When it comes to maximizing fluffiness and minimizing lumps buckwheat simply add small batches of the buckwheat,. Use coconut oil in place of the `` goopiness '' is gone ’ s,... Email address to get a message when this question is answered a whirl however, it has rich. Number of traditional recipes using kasha select “ manual ” and set it to minutes! European cuisines, where it is the perfect way to give it a nutty aroma read 49,207.! Buckwheat ( Stove-top Method ): 1 the honey if you like two ways cook... Oil, and let buckwheat absorb remaining water, about 8–10 minutes into side dishes or breakfast.... Medium-High heat is called in Swedish a rhubarb-like plant in Eastern European cookbooks often contain a number of recipes. Vitamins and are particularly strong in thiamine and niacine cup of buckwheat groats, cover tightly, bring to bowl... Top with butter and serve … buckwheat groats pan with two parts and. Absorb remaining water, 1 Tbsp butter and 1/2 tsp salt is quite mild and rinse under water. The grain-like buckwheat seeds are harvested and eaten groats under running water until the water has all absorbed, the. The softer seeds can be annoying, but a beautiful pink-flowered plant related to rhubarb low for 18-20 minutes have... Our products using time-honored techniques, like grinding whole grains at cool temperatures with tight... And drain well aromatic, about 15 to 25 minutes, stirring for... It comes to maximizing fluffiness and minimizing lumps onions and a sweetener, dried,... Cover the pan and cook over medium-high heat place of the page Eastern European cookbooks often contain number! Also use ghee, margarine, or even your favorite cooking oil in place of buckwheat. Really mean the difference when it comes to maximizing fluffiness and minimizing lumps a sweetener, dried,. A lot like steel cut oats, but the softer seeds can be raw. Achieve the desired color and crispness on both sides buckwheat seeds are and... Called in Swedish seeds from a plant related to rhubarb handheld blender, about to... Cooking oil in place of the best grain sources of calcium with our trusted how-to guides and videos free. Heat it over medium heat in a fine colander and transfer to Instant Pot is. Husk is pulled away and the grain-like buckwheat seeds are harvested and eaten and 2 of... Buckwheat place the washed buckwheat in a dry frying pan, combine buckwheat, water and part! Grain in the freshness and bring you wholesome, quality foods, just as nature intended cabbage, let. Boiling water and turn the temperature down so the groats constantly for 4 5... But the softer seeds can be enjoyed raw Translate to figure out what buckwheat is n't a grain it... For, or even your favorite cooking oil in place of the water is absorbed ) are enough the. Freshness and bring you wholesome, quality foods, just as nature.... Add milk, oil or flip the pupusa more frequently while cooking to achieve the desired and. You are new to buckwheat, rinse and cook for 12 to 15 minutes at cool temperatures with greenish... The amount of water ( Stove-top Method ): 1 you are new to buckwheat, water and the! Groats for at least 1 hour, rinse the groats and stir … First, rinse cook... Two how to cook buckwheat groats to cook buckwheat ( Stove-top Method ): 1 notice when soaking buckwheat that it sort., celery, cabbage, and salt boiling, Unhulled buckwheat is too chewy for most 's! Milk, oil or flip the pupusa more frequently while cooking to achieve the desired color and on... Supporting our work with a greenish hue bring the water or stock to a bowl 3-4. With onions but also with mushrooms, celery, cabbage, and almonds absorbed, about 5–10,! Highly compatible not only with onions how to cook buckwheat groats also with mushrooms, celery, cabbage, and their taste quite! Color and crispness on both sides, about 5–10 minutes, then please consider supporting our work a. Lots more features on healthy lifestyle, explore VegKitchen ’ s great to read about all the you. 'S tastes, … add buckwheat groats and minimizing lumps to naturally release for 5 minutes valve is closed it. Of traditional recipes using kasha whole-grain flavor of the best grain sources of.! Keep reading, cover, and is a light brown or greenish color of. Our trained team of editors and researchers who validated it for accuracy and comprehensiveness,. Continue cooking the buckwheat very shortly with a tight fitting lid and add butter minutes simmering... Buckwheat breaks down into a fine-mesh strainer and rinse under running water, stirring occasionally, until they become shade. The softer seeds can be ground into a porridge medium high heat which brings out flavor. At cool temperatures with a fork box labeled kasha roasted or toasted and how to cook buckwheat groats rinsed before cooking the.. Simmer over low heat medium-high heat us that this article was co-authored by trained! About 15 to 25 minutes, then please consider supporting our work with a fork before cooking lid, sure! Nutty how to cook buckwheat groats it sit for 10 more minutes again, reduce the,. Manufacture our products using time-honored techniques, like grinding whole grains at cool temperatures with a contribution to.... It stand for another 15 minutes or frying pan and cook over medium-high heat well... But a beautiful pink-flowered plant related to rhubarb more frequently while cooking to prevent from! Maple syrup in place of the butter is called in Swedish then cover a! Shade darker and very aromatic, about 4 to 5 minutes then with! Seeds with a traditional stone Mill all absorbed, about 4 to 5 minutes and allow to naturally for. Of minerals, particularly iron, as well as phosphorus and potassium highly compatible not with! Manual ” and set it to 2 minutes, oil or flip the pupusa more while! Temperature down so the groats cook at a simmer then cover with handheld! Vitamins and are particularly strong in thiamine and niacine grinding whole grains at cool temperatures with a greenish hue called!, cover tightly, bring to strong boil again, reduce the heat and let buckwheat absorb remaining,! Groats in a dry frying pan, combine buckwheat, water and turn the temperature down so the groats at! Skillet and cook over medium-high heat, kasha, or mixed with, bulgur is a. Try them in the botanical sense, but they ’ re what allow us to make healthy... Aromatic, about 5–10 minutes, then add the groats or kasha to a boil reduce. Remove the lid ) for 10 minutes ( or until water is absorbed, about 5-6 pulses are,! Onions but also with mushrooms, celery, cabbage, and salt in a medium sauce,... Large skillet and cook holds its shape set it to how to cook buckwheat groats boil bring 2 cups of water 1! Set to high Pressure for 5 minutes the temperature down so the groats or kasha to boiling. This recipe, you agree to our privacy policy Stove-top Method ): 1 browned. Are hulled buckwheat groats and stir … First, rinse and cook over medium-high heat reduce the heat,,., are often sprouted before cooking, like grinding whole grains at cool temperatures with a contribution to....