o Cervix: neck of uterus: a strong rigid muscle, moist by into soluble substances, and makes tissues swell so that mucus with a small opening the testa splits o Vagina: receives penis during intercourse, and way  Oxygen: enters through the gaps in the testa (along with out for baby at birth.  When a kidney machine takes a patient’s blood and  Tubule: (yellow) reabsorbs 100% of glucose, most of the cleans it, then returns the blood to circulation. o Central nervous system (CNS) consisting of the brain and spinal cord, which are the areas of coordination 2. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. uterus size  In vitro fertilization: an ovum is fertilized outside a DISADVANTAGES  May be painful  More likely to develop woman’s body. nephron to water is controlled  Bladder: stores urine  Renal capsule: filters from blood: water, glucose, urea 13.3 Dialysis and salts. Transport in Plants; 9. Characteristics and Classification of Living Organisms; 2. Human Nutrition; 8. PAGE 20 OF 35, CIE IGCSE BIOLOGY//0610  Sweating: the water evaporates giving a cooling effect  Phototropism: a response in which a plant grows  Skin receptors: sense heat and sensory neurons send towards (positive) or away (negative) from the direction from which light is coming. you are either blood group O, A, B or AB, nothing else) 3:1 Monohybrid Crosses  Mutation: genetic change  Gene mutation: a change in the base sequence of DNA  Mutation is the way in which new alleles are formed  Ionising radiation and some chemicals increase the rate of mutation  Mutation is a source of variation e.g. These functions. animals, from air  Tissue fluid: made when plasma is squeezed out of 10.2 Body Defences capillaries. It causes an egg to mature in an ovary  Change in diet: and it stimulates ovaries to release hormone oestrogen o More proteins → growth of foetus o Slightly more fat → the new cells’ cell membrane  Luteinizing hormone (LH): is also secreted by pituitary o More vitamin C and D → blood vessel walls and bones gland and causes mature egg to be released from ovary. animals which are eaten by other animals. IN CO2 CONC. oBreast milk contains antibodies from the mother which are passed on to her baby. decomposing log or a lake oSelecting by humans of individuals with desirable  Trophic level: position of an organism in a food chain, features food web or pyramid of biomass, numbers or energy oCrossing three individuals to produce the next oPrimary consumer: eat vegetables generation oSecondary consumer: eat meat/drink milk oTertiary consumer: eat a predatory fish, salmon PAGE 29 OF 35, CIE IGCSE BIOLOGY//0610 Food chains usually have fewer than five trophic levels, 19.3 Nitrogen Cycle because energy transfer is inefficient:  Nitrogen-fixing bacteria provide usable nitrogen for  Sun produces light, less than 1% of the energy falls onto plants, these may exist in the root nodules where they leaves. The stomata close to  Increasing amount of carbon prevent water loss and open to let gases come in and dioxide after a certain point has out.  Drying effect and heat irritate lungs – destroys cilia  Nicotine is addictive, it is also a stimulant, it increases  Fungi: o Single-celled yeast reproduces by binary fission. 1. heroin act upon synapses to a stimulus, in order to protect the body from danger 14.5 Antagonistic Muscle  E.g. o Greenish/yellow discharge from the penis or vagina o Inflammation of the testicles  Causes secondary sexual characteristics such as the growth of pubic hair and maturation of sexual organs. Complete A level Biology Notes Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology builds on the skills acquired at Cambridge IGCSE (or equivalent) level.  Afterbirth: Placenta is expulsed out.  External intercostal falls downwards and muscles contract – pulls inwards  In muscles: rib cage upwards and outwards  Diaphragm muscles relax Glucose → lactic acid – returns to dome shape C6H12O6 → 2 C3H6O3  Diaphragm muscles contract – diaphragm  Lung volume decreases –  In yeast (single-cell fungi): moves upwards and pressure increases Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide  Lung volume increases –  Air is forced out C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + CO2 and pressure falls  Disadvantages of anaerobic respiration:  Air rushes in to equalise o Only produces 1/20 of the energy per glucose pressure molecule that aerobic respiration would o Produces poisonous lactic acid  Lactic acid: o Transported in blood to heart, liver and kidneys, which oxidize it o The heart, liver and kidneys need extra oxygen to do this which causes you to continue breathing heavily after exercise. 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